A Juggling Act: Canada’s Role in the Global Regulation of Responsible Military AI

As artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled systems become increasingly prevalent on contemporary battlefields, global discussions on AI are receiving more attention. Without clear norms and accountability mechanisms, the deployment of AI in military systems risks escalating tensions and undermining humanitarian and legal safeguards. Yet, despite growing concern, the regulatory landscape remains uncertain, with geopolitical considerations and intensifying great-power rivalry focusing on the defence applications of AI.

Thus far, Canada’s position on autonomous weapons has fluctuated from supporting the prohibition of systems that lack sufficient human control, to adopting more permissive views alongside the United States and other allies, such as the United Kingdom. Amidst continued geopolitical challenges and the desire to align with allies, Canada recognizes that its role in the global regulation of military AI hangs in the balance. What are the best pathways forward for middle powers such as Canada to be seen as international players in this realm, considering various legal and ethical aspects in the deployment of military AI?